![]() Furthermore, during impacts, this form of armour is irreversibly damaged, compromising its structural integrity for further use. Despite the effective penetration blocking of these armour systems, a remainder of the kinetic energy is still distributed to the wearer, often resulting in behind-armour blunt trauma 7. This multilayered design enables the hard, brittle ceramic to destroy the projectile tip, distributing the kinetic energy over the backing, which reflects the tensile wave and captures the shattered ceramic 6. Frequently, this armour consists of a multilayered system, commonly a ceramic face backed by a fibre-reinforced composite 5. ![]() Military and civilian forces commonly use body armour to protect the wearer against penetration from projectiles, such as bullets or shrapnel 4. Thus, installing a mechanism within a material to enable effective energy dissipation is essential for multiple applications 2, 3, 4. To survive the impact, a material must contend with wave propagation (elastic, shock and plastic), fragmentation, perforation and spallation 1. When impacted by a projectile, a material is exposed to various phenomena simultaneously.
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